Various concentrations of CS, Al, and Aa were mixed for the fabrication of different formulations of chondroitin sulfate/alginate- graft-poly(acrylic acid) (CS/Al-g-pAa) hydrogels via a free radical co-polymerization technique as indicated in Table 1. Hence, due to diverse features including good biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and low toxicity, hydrogels are reported to be the most promising carrier system for the controlled release of therapeutic agents. Yet, a system is needed in order to overcome the adverse effects generated as a result of multiple intakes of Kt. (2020) developed Kt-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and demonstrated Kt sustained release for 12 h. developed ethyl cellulose-based micro-/nanospheres for controlled delivery of Kt. Hence, different drug carrier systems have been developed by a number of researchers for sustained/controlled delivery of Kt. However, the frequent administration of Kt leads to certain gastrointestinal complications including gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulceration and perforation. Several doses of Kt are needed in a day in order to maintain the constant plasma concentration. The salt of Kt is tromethamine, and can be taken orally, intravenously, intramuscularly, or as a topical ophthalmic solution. Most of its COX inhibitory and analgesic activity is retained in the S-isomer. It is present in racemate form in the market. It is a derivative of heteroaryl acetic acid and non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Ketorolac tromethamine (Kt) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used in the management of pain. Hence, we can conclude from the results that a fabricated system of hydrogel could be used as a suitable carrier for the controlled delivery of ketorolac tromethamine. Likewise, a biodegradation study revealed a slow degradation rate of the developed hydrogel. The polymer volume fraction was found to be low at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2, indicating a prominent and greater swelling of the prepared hydrogels at pH 7.4. Increased incorporation of hydrogel contents led to an increase in porosity, drug loading, and gel fraction while a reduction in sol fraction was seen. Maximum swelling and drug release were detected at pH 7.4 as compared to pH 1.2. Furthermore, swelling and drug-release studies were investigated in acidic and basic medium of pH 1.2 and 7.4 at 37 ☌, respectively. Similarly, surface morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, whereas crystallinity of the polymers and developed hydrogel was investigated by powder X-ray diffraction.
Thermal stability of both polymers was enhanced after crosslinking as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter thermogram of developed hydrogel.
Crosslinking and loading of drug were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Investigations were conducted for chondroitin sulfate/alginate- graft-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel in various mixing ratios of chondroitin sulfate, alginate and acrylic acid in the presence of ammonium persulfate and N′,N′-Methylene bisacrylamide. This study investigates pH-sensitive hydrogels based on biocompatible, biodegradable polysaccharides and natural polymers such as chondroitin sulfate and alginate in combination with synthetic monomer such as acrylic acid, as controlled drug carriers.
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